Clearing

The process of settling a trade.

Choice Market

a market with no spread. All trades buys and sells occur at that one price

Chartist

An individual who uses charts and graphs and interprets historical data to find trends and predict future movements. Also referred to as Technical Trader

Central Bank

A government or quasi-governmental organization that manages a country's monetary policy. For example, the US central bank is the Federal Reserve, and the German central bank is the Bundesbank.

Candlestick Chart

A chart that indicates the trading range for the day as well as the opening and closing price. If the open price is higher than the close price, the rectangle between the open and close price is shaded. If the close price is higher than the open price, that area of the chart is not shaded.

Cable

Trader jargon referring to the Sterling/US Dollar exchange rate. So called because the rate was originally transmitted via a transatlantic cable beginning in the mid 1800's.

undesbank

Germany's Central Bank

Bull Market

A market distinguished by rising prices

Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944

An agreement that established fixed foreign exchange rates for major currencies, provided for central bank intervention in the currency markets, and pegged the price of gold at US $35 per ounce. The agreement lasted until 1971, when President Nixon overturned the Bretton Woods agreement and established a floating exchange rate for the major currencies.

Broker

An individual or firm that acts as an intermediary, putting together buyers and sellers for a fee or commission. In contrast, a 'dealer' commits capital and takes one side of a position, hoping to earn a spread (profit) by closing out the position in a subsequent trade with another party.

Book

In a professional trading environment, a 'book' is the summary of a trader's or desk's total positions.

Big Figure

Dealer expression referring to the first few digits of an exchange rate. These digits rarely change in normal market fluctuations, and therefore are omitted in dealer quotes, especially in times of high market activity. For example, a USD/Yen rate might be 107.30/107.35, but would be quoted verbally without the first three digits i.e. "30/35".

Bid / Ask Spread

The difference between the bid and offer price, and the most widely used measure of market liquidity.

Bid Rate

The rate at which a trader is willing to buy a currency

Bear Market

A market distinguished by declining prices.

Base Currency

In general terms, the base currency is the currency in which an investor or issuer maintains its book of accounts. In the FX markets, the US Dollar is normally considered the 'base' currency for quotes, meaning that quotes are expressed as a unit of $1 USD per the other currency quoted in the pair. The primary exceptions to this rule are the British Pound, the Euro and the Australian Dollar.

Balance of Trade

The value of a country's exports minus its imports.

Back Office

The departments and processes related to the settlement of financial transactions.

Asset Allocation

Investment practice that divides funds among different markets to achieve diversification for risk management purposes and/or expected returns consistent with an investor's objectives

Ask Rate

The rate at which a financial instrument is offered for sale (as in bid/ask spread).

Around

Dealer jargon used in quoting when the forward premium/discount is near parity. For example, "two-two around" would translate into 2 points to either side of the present spot.

Arbitrage

The purchase or sale of an instrument and simultaneous taking of an equal and opposite position in a related market, in order to take advantage of small price differentials between markets.

Appreciation

A currency is said to `appreciate` when it strengthens in price in response to market demand.

Questions and answers

If you want to succeed at forex trading then you need to be able to answer the question in this article. If you can't answer it then you are going get wiped out by the markets so here it is...

What's your Trading edge (defined)

Now before you answer this question let me tell you what a trading edge is NOT:

- You have a day trading or forex scalping system

- You think you can predict forex prices

- You think forex moves to a scientific formula

- You have a simulated track record from a vendor you have bought

- You like to buy low and sell high

- You think you can trade expert opinion and news

- You think you are clever

- You think you have a complicated system that can beat the market

Most forex traders think the above will give them a trading edge - but believe any of the above and the market will take all your money and do it quickly.

Think about this simple fact:

95% of traders lose money in the market and you need to think what your edge is i.e why you should succeed while others fail.

Now let's be clear - anyone has the potential to be a successful forex trader yet few succeed. The reason most fail is they believe common myths like the ones on the above list, or they don't have the right mindset.

Successful forex trading is built on three pillars:

- Knowledge and understanding and getting the right forex education

- Confidence in your method to make money longer term

- The discipline to follow your forex trading system through periods of drawdown to ultimate success

Your trading edge is not just about a method, it's about having confidence in it, so you can have the discipline to apply it through drawdown and emerge a long term winner.

Forex trading is simple and your method needs to be too.

A simple method works

A simple method works best because it is more robust in the face of brutal market conditions and has fewer elements to break than a complicated one. Furthermore, it will be easier to understand and have confidence in.

If you think that you need to be clever or put a lot of effort into your trading think again - you get rewarded for being right with your trading signal and market timing, nothing else. Sure in many jobs you get paid for effort but in forex trading it's all about being right.

So do you know what your trading edge is? If you don't and you can't define it, then its back to learning forex and your forex education until you do.

Fundamentals Catch up with Yen

In hindsight, it is now clear that the Japanese Yen’s dramatic rise in 2008 was mostly due to financial, rather than economic factors. In other words, a decline in risk aversion led to the unwinding of the Yen carry trade and a subsequent inflow of capital into Japan. Unfortunately, the recession and inflated currency have since taken their toll on the Japanese economy, resulting in an annualized 13% contraction in GDP for the latest quarter. The balance of trade has also shifted, to such an extent that Japan actually recorded a trade deficit in the most recent month. Having concluded, for the moment at least, that forex intervention is no longer necessary, the Central Bank has announced plans to deploy some of its $1 Trillion+ forex reserve hoard to help ailing companies. Barron’s reports:A reversal of the yen, from strength to weakness, will have “major global implications…” Perhaps beleaguered Japanese authorities already have begun reacting to the “carnage” the yen’s rise has wrought.

Spike in Eastern Europe is Short-Lived

Last week, the currencies of Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, etc.) received a nice bump from the announcement of a $25 Billion loan from several multilateral banks, as well as from a slight pickup in risk aversion. The sense of optimism proved to be short-lived, however, as the EU recently rejected a request to provide large scale ($200 Billion+) assistance to the the region. The swift and decisive refusal to intervene injected a fresh wave of uncertainty into a region that is already among the hardest-hit from the credit crisis. The move also carried important political implications, conveying that the EU still sees a clear distinction between eastern and western Europe. Bloomberg News reports:Growth in Poland, the biggest eastern European economy, will slow to 2 percent, the slackest pace since 2002, the European Commission forecasts. Latvia, a former Soviet republic, will contract 6.9 percent.

Forex Achieves New Prominence

The credit crisis has resulted in a collapse in prices for nearly every type of investable asset class (i.e. stocks, bonds, commodities, real estate)- with the notable exception of one: currencies. Of course, this is an inherent quality of forex: a rise in one currency must necessarily be offset by a fall in another currency. While you are probably rolling your eye at the obviousness of this observation, it is still worthwhile to make because it implies that there is always a bull market in forex. Accordingly, capital from both institutions and retail investors continues to pour in, causing daily turnover to surge by 41% (according to one survey), which would imply a total of $4.5 Trillion per day!
Investment banks, especially, are trying to increase their forex business in order to compensate for a decline in other divisions. Said one representative: ”We have probably made more of an aggressive leapfrog in growing our revenue base, which has virtually doubled in 2008 versus 2007. With the situation that has been developing over the past six months, where banks are clearly re-embarking on a new role leading back to basics, foreign exchange has to be one of the products that tops that list.” Based on New York data, which generally reflects global forex activity, transactions between the Dollar, Euro, and Yen (i.e. not including outside currencies) now account for more than half of the total.
Contrary to popular belief, however, most foreign exchange transactions involve derivatives, rather than spot trades. In the case of swaps, it is the nominal value of the swap that is reported, which well exceeds the total amount of currency that is exchanged, and thus results in an inflated estimate of total daily turnover. One would expect that the increase in both liquidity and the role of derivatives in forex markets would result in a corresponding decrease in volatility. Of course, this is quickly belied by the turbulence of the last six months, in which many currency pairs set daily, weekly, and/or monthly records for swings and volatility. I recently read an article about so-called “predictive markets,” which use a grassroots approach to make forecasts by “by giving people virtual trading accounts that allow them to buy and sell “shares” that correspond to a particular outcome. Shares in an outcome that is considered more likely to occur then trade at a higher price than those that represent a less likely outcome.” Given that the “experts” are almost invariably wrong, I think this idea has tremendous potential to make forex markets even more transparent.

Dave Knaack Says

Regarding fractional reserve lending. After spending lots of time reading about how banking systems work (including lots of really dry stuff like international settlement systems) I’ve come to the conclusion that fractional reserve practices fill critically important and likely delicate roles in highly interconnected and critical global systems and that leading the charge to change those rules would be tilting at windmills. This is not the sort of problem where we should write a new system, reinstall and reboot.
We should instead address one of the major flaws of the system, the accumulation of debt in excess of the money supply (think of it as an in-memory patch).
Perhaps this issue could be solved with by tasking the Treasury with issuing into circulation of non-debt dollars in a quantity equal to the interest paid for each reporting period (quarterly I’d suppose).
I’m not convinced that the ‘boom and bust’ cycle is solely the result of Fed control of the monetary system (seems to me that complex social factors probably also play in important role; consider the development of CDOs and MBSs), or that it is /necessarily/ a bad thing. Booms encourage and enable new ideas (lots of money available results in funding of wild and harebrained ideas that just might work but that wouldn’t be able to pay off in an environment of higher interest rates one would expect in a completely stable economy), and busts weed out marginal or weak practices (the harebrained ideas). The cycle (provided it describes mild recessions rather than Great Depressions) may help to prevent stagnation.
What is bad is that in conjunction with the current practice of creating only principle rather than principle+interest the system can be managed to (or perhaps must) cause an accumulation of debt obligation toward the entities permitted to practice fractional reserve lending.
Perhaps we can greatly improve the system simply by causing to exist each quarter all the money required to pay off the interest on loans. This would begin the injection of credit money into the system with minimal impact on business.

Paul Monroe Says

Thanks, BJ. I enjoyed reading through that discussion - I doubt there are many Congressional candidate’s websites were so much interesting commentary can be found.
There certainly is a potential danger in inflating a currency, but I think that banks would realize that if they provide a bank note which has an unstable value or which devalues over time, people would be more reluctant to use it.
I don’t think that the supply of a bank’s notes would fluctuate much in practice, as banks would likely settle on a ratio and would probably not alter it much from there.
Also, doesn’t the discovery of gold confiscate the purchasing power of gold? The same goes with any other commodity. I think the morality argument applies more with the current system since it is a policy decision to debase the value of the currency. Even still, it is certainly debatable that it would also be immoral in a “free banking” system.

An overview of the Forex market

The Forex market is a non-stop cash market where currencies of nations are traded, typically via brokers. Foreign currencies are constantly and simultaneously bought and sold across local and global markets and traders' investments increase or decrease in value based upon currency movements. Foreign exchange market conditions can change at any time in response to real-time events.
The main enticements of currency dealing to private investors and attractions for short-term Forex trading are:

24-hour trading, 5 days a week with non-stop access to global Forex dealers.
An enormous liquid market making it easy to trade most currencies.
Volatile markets offering profit opportunities.
Standard instruments for controlling risk exposure.
The ability to profit in rising or falling markets.
Leveraged trading with low margin requirements.
Many options for zero commission trading.

Major currency traded in FOREX market

There are seven major currencies, the US dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), Japanese yen (JPY) British pound (GBP), Swiss Franc (CHF) Canadian dollar (CAD) and Australian dollar (AUD). The US dollar is the most traded currency followed by the Euro and the Yen. The Euro is the relatively new currency of the European Union although some member states, including the UK, have not changed their currency. Also, if you live in a country using one of the major currencies, when you first start trading it makes sense to begin with that currency. Not only are you familiar and comfortable with the currency, but you are in a better position to judge its strength. The internet has a wealth of information on the financial climate of a country, but if you live there you have access to all newspaper content, as well being in the unique position of experiencing first hand changes at the consumer level.

Major players in FOREX market

Although FOREX trading involves such a big volume of trades nowadays, it is not made available for the publics until year 1998. In the past, the FOREX market was not offered to small speculators or individual traders due to the large minimum business sizes and extremely strict financial requirements. At that time, only banks, big multi-national cooperation and major currency dealers were able to take advantage of the currency exchange market's extraordinary liquidity and strong trending nature of world's main currency exchange rates.

In late 90s, FOREX brokers are allowed to break huge sized inter-bank units into smaller units and offer these units to individual traders like you and me. As a fact in FOREX trading, FOREX is mainly traded in large international bank. According to Wall Street Journal Europe, 73% of the trade volume is covered by the major ten. Deutsche Bank, topping the table, had covered 17% of the total currency trades; followed by UBS in the second and Citi Group in third; taking 12.5% and 7.5% of the market. Other large financial cooperation in the list is HSBC, Barclays, Merril Lynch, J. P. Morgan Chase, Coldman Sachs, ABN Amro, and Morgan Stanley.

Starting in FOREX trading

To start trading on FOREX, one must first learn how to read FOREX quotes. Foreign exchange quotes are always listed in pairs (e.g. USD/JPY 109.2): the first listed currency is known as the base currency with a constant value of 1 unit; while the currency listed in the second is known as counter. In our given example, USD/JPY 109.2 means a dollar of United States Dollar is equal to 109.2 Japanese Yen. In other words, the quote shows the relative value of one currency compare to the other. It means the value USD had been increased when USD/JPY quote goes up

However, a two-sided quote (e.g. EUR/USD 1.2435/1.2440) consisting of a 'bid' and ‘ask’ is often seen. The ‘bid’ price is the price at which you can sell the base currency; while the ‘ask’ price is where you can buy the base currency. The different of ‘bid & ask’ price is commonly known as ‘spread’. In the example of EUR/USD 1.2435/1.2440, this means you can buy 1 Euro Dollar with 1.2440 USD or sell 1 Euro 1.2435. Currency brokers make their profit through these differences of ‘bid & ask’ price and this is how they manage to provide their services to individual investors without charging them commission fees.

If you are new to trading it makes sense to deal in the more popular currencies. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly you do not want to be left with a currency where there is little interest and you may have difficulty selling. Secondly the spread between the bid/ask prices is likely to be narrower, making it easier to make a profit.

Why should I do FOREX business

Main Question raised in your mind might be: Why should you trade FOREX? There are lots of reasons why you should involve in FOREX trading. FOREX market is truly a global market where it opens 24 hours a day through out the whole week (weekends excluded). With the ease of Internet access, transaction in FOREX can be done in anytime regardless on your location. This gives you the convenience to work on any time, anywhere – which in turns gives you the freedom you cannot have in investing other kind of trading.

More over, trading in FOREX gives you an equal prospective in rising and falling market. As trades are always done in pair of currency pairs, FOREX traders can always find chance to make money in anytime, regardless on the fall or rise period of one single country currency. Also, FOREX trading offers incredibly high leverage rates to the traders. By trading currency in margin up to 200 to 1, you can start off your FOREX trade with minimum capital and huge ROI.